Regardless of which sport you’re involved in or your level of involvement, our osteopaths may help with the prevention, treatment, management or rehabilitation of many sporting injuries including:
- shoulder injuries
- elbow and wrist injuries (152)
- knee, ankle and foot injuries (16, 17, 18, 19, 20)
- shin splints
- hip, pelvic and lower back injuries (56)
- neck (57,58,59), back and rib strain (118, 119)
Common sporting injuries which may be managed or treated by our osteopaths include ankle sprains (1-15), Plantar Fasciitis (97, 98, 99, 100, 101), shin splints (125, 126, 127), knee ligamentous sprains, muscular strains, Tendinitis (43, 44), Patellofemoral syndrome (45), Osgood Schlatters disease (89), Osteitis Pubis (60, 61) (and other groin injuries) (35), rotator cuff strains or impingement (128, 129, 130), as well as Tennis or Golfer’s Elbow (132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147).
Reduced flexibility in joints and muscles may impact on sporting performance and may also make an individual more susceptible to injury.
When treating sporting injuries, our osteopaths look at the biomechanical connections of the body and how they inter-relate. This helps them to understand how an injury occurred and consequently how to achieve the best possible outcome with treatment. For example, poor foot and ankle mechanics may lead to issues with the knee, hip and lower back.
Our osteopaths may help facilitate your post-injury return to activity, with treatment and monitoring to avoid recurrence. Treatment may also help to prevent compensatory strains from occurring, reducing the risk of re-injury, allowing for faster recovery. Techniques involve stretching, mobilization, inhibition and manipulation, which may help to promote flexibility, mobility and strength.
And our osteopaths will also give instruction on stretching and strengthening exercises to aid your recovery, as well as advise on your return to activity as quickly as possible.
Our Clinic’s team of osteopaths are all qualified to refer for diagnostic imaging if necessary. And if a second opinion or further management is needed, our clinic has a great working relationship with several sports physicians we can refer you to.
Our osteopaths are also trained to treat and advise on children participating in sporting activities (80, 89, 90).
1. Witt B.L & Witt S.L. (2013). “Acute ankle sprains: A review of literature.” Osteopathic Family Physician, Vol 5(5): 178-84. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877573X1300083X
2. Plaza-Manzano, G., Vergara-Vila M., Val-Otero S., Rivera-Prieto C., Pecos-martin D., Gallego-Izquierdo T., Ferragut-Garcias A. & Romero-Franco N. (2016). “Manual therapy in joint and nerve structures combined with exercises in the treatment of recurrent ankle sprains: A randomized, controlled trial.” Manual Therapy, Vol 26: 141-149. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27598553
3. Silveria F., Teixeira L. & Nogueira L.C. (2016). “The effect of manipulative manual therapy, in improving range of motion and reducing the intensity of pain in subjects with ankle sprain – A systematic review.” Manual Therapy, Vol 25: e132-33. www.mskscienceandpractice.com/article/S1356-689X(16)30274-0/abstract
4. Shi X., Han J., Witchalls J., Waddington G., Adams R. & Anson J. (2017). “The effects of manual therapy for Chronic Ankle Instability: A systematic review with meta-analysis.” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, Vol 20: 27. www.jsams.org/article/S1440-2440(17)31289-6/fulltext
5. McGovern R.P. & and Martin R.R.L (2016). “Managing ankle ligament sprains and tears: current opinion.” J Sports Med, 7:33-42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27042147
6. Doherty C, Bleakley C, Delahunt E & Holden S. (2017). “Treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent ankle sprain: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis.” Br J Sports Med.; 51(2):113-125. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308955353
7. Slaven E.J. & Mathers J. (2011). “Management of chronic ankle pain using joint mobilization and ASTYM® treatment: a case report.” J Man Manip Ther, May; 19(2):108-12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22547921
8. Weerasekara I., Osmotherly P., Snodgrass S., Marquez J., de Zoete R. &Rivett D.A. (2017). “Clinical Benefits of Joint Mobilization on Ankle Sprains: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Article in Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28882509
9. Marron-Gomez D., Rodriguez-Fernandez A.L. & Martin-Urrialde J.A. (2015). “The effect of two mobilization techniques on dorsiflexion in people with chronic ankle instability.” Physical Therapy in Sport, Vol 16(1): 10-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24679362
10. Lubbe D., Lakhani E., Brantingham J.W., Parkin-Smith G.F., Cassa T.K., Globe G.A. & Korporaal C. (2015). “Manipulative Therapy and Rehabilitation for Recurrent Ankle Sprain With Functional Instability: A Short-Term, Assessor-Blind, Parallel-Group Randomized Trial.” Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Vol 38(1): 22-34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25457977
11. Kalichman L., Lachman H. & Freilich N. (2016). “Long-term impact of ankle sprains on postural control and fascial densification.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, Vol 20(4): 914-919. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27814874
12. Fisher B.E., Piraino A., Lee Y.Y., Smith J.A., Johnson S., Davenport T.E. & Kulig K. (2016). “The Effect of Velocity of Joint Mobilization on Corticospinal Excitability in Individuals with a History of Ankle Sprain.” J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, Jul; 24(7):562-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27266885
13. Duarte Silva R., Mundim Teixeira L., Santos Moreira T., Teixeira-Salmela L.F. & Antonio de Resende M. (2017). “Effects of Anteroposterior Talus Mobilization on Range of Motion, Pain, and Functional Capacity in Participants with Subacute and Chronic Ankle Injuries: A Controlled Trial.” Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Vol 40(4): 273-283. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28390710
14. Kamali F., Sinaei E. & Bahadorian S. (2017). “The immediate effect of talocrural joint manipulation on functional performance of 15–40 years old athletes with chronic ankle instability: A double-blind randomized clinical trial.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, Vol 21(4): 830-4. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360859217300104
15. Yeo H.K. & Wright A. (2011). “Hypoalgesic effect of a passive accessory mobilisation technique in patients with lateral ankle pain.” Manual Therapy, Vol 16(4): 373-377. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21285003
16. Kadel N. (2014). “Foot and Ankle Problems in Dancers.” Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, Vol 25(4): 829-844. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25442161
17. Courtney C.A., Clark J.D., Duncombe A.M. & O’Hearn M.A. (2011). “Clinical presentation and manual therapy for lower quadrant musculoskeletal conditions.” J Man Manip Ther, Nov; 19(4): 212-22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23115474
18. Tenforde A.S., Yin A. & Hunt K.J. (2016). “Foot and Ankle Injuries in Runners.” Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, Vol 27(1): 121-137. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26616180
19. Hawson S.T. (2011). “Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation of the Foot and Ankle in the Athlete.” Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, Vol 28(1): 189-201. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21276526
20. Rao S., Riskowski J.L. & Hannan M.T. (2012). “Musculoskeletal conditions of the foot and ankle: Assessments and treatment options.” Best Practice & Research: Clinical Rheumatology, Vol 26(3): 345-368. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2286793
35. Weir A., Veger S.A., Van de Sande H.B., Bakker E.W., de Jonge S. & Tol J.L. (2009). “A manual therapy technique for chronic adductor-related groin pain in athletes: a case series.” Scand J Med Sci Sports Oct; 19(5):616-20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18694435
43. Feehan J., Macfarlane C., &Vaughan B. (2017). “Conservative management of a traumatic meniscal injury utilising osteopathy and exercise rehabilitation: A case report.” Complementary Therapies in Medicine. Vol 33; 27-31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28735822
44. De Carlo M. & Armstrong B. (2010). “Rehabilitation of the Knee Following Sports Injury.” Clinics in Sports Medicine, Vol 29(1): 81-106. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19945588
45. Osteras B., Osteras H., Torstensen T.A. & Vasselien O. (2013). “Dose–response effects of medical exercise therapy in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomised controlled clinical trial.” Physiotherapy, Vol 99(2): 126-131. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23219636
52. Malanga G.A. & Cruz Colon E.J. (2010). “Myofascial Low Back Pain: A Review.” Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. Vol 21(4); 711-724. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977957
56. Brantingham J.W., Globe G., Pollard H., Hicks M., Korporaal C., & Wayne Hoskins. (2009). “Manipulative Therapy for Lower Extremity Conditions: Expansion of Literature Review”. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Vol 32(1), 53-71. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19121464
57. Haller H., Lauche R. Cramer H., Rampp T., Saha F.J., Ostermann T. & Dobos G. “Craniosacral therapy efficacy in chronic neck pain: A follow-up study.” European Journal of Integrative Medicine, Vol 7; 38-38. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894825/
58. Haller H., Lauche R. Cramer H., Rampp T., Saha F.J., Ostermann T. & Dobos G. (2016). “Craniosacral Therapy for the Treatment of Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Sham-controlled Trial”. Clin J Pain. May 32(5): 441–449. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26340656
59. Rodriguez-Huguet M, Gil-Salu` J.L., Rodriguez-Huguet P., Cabrera-Afonso J.R. & Lomas-Vega R. (2017). “Effects of Myofascial Release on Pressure Pain Thresholds in Patients With Neck Pain: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.” Am J Phys Med Rehabil. Article in Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28678033
60. McAleer S.S., Gille J., Bark S. and Riepenhof H. (2015). “Management of chronic recurrent osteitis pubis /pubic bone stress in a Premier League footballer: Evaluating the evidence base and application of a nine-point management strategy.”Physical Therapy in Sport, Vol 16(3), 285-299. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26150099
61. Pizzari T., Coburn P.T. & Crow J.F. (2008). “Prevention and management of osteitis pubis in the Australian Football League: A qualitative analysis”. Physical Therapy in Sport, Vol 9(3), 117-125. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19083712
80. Bolin D.J. (2010). “The Application of Osteopathic Treatments to Pediatric Sports Injuries”. Pediatric Clinics of North America, Vol 57(3), 775-794. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538156
89. Yen,Y-M. (2014). “Assessment and treatment of knee pain in the child and adolescent athlete.” Pediatric Clinics of North America, Vol 61(6): 1155-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25439017
90. Aiyer A. & Hennrikus W. (2014). “Foot pain in the child and adolescent.” Pediatric Clinics of North America, Vol 61(6):1185-1205. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25439019
97. No authors listed. (2017). “Plantar Fasciitis: Will Physical Therapy Help My Foot Pain?” J Orthop Sports Phys Ther., Feb; 47(2):56. www.jospt.org/doi/abs/10.2519/jospt.2017.0501
98. Grieve R. & Palmer S. (2016). “Myofascial trigger point therapy for plantar fasciitis: A feasibility study.” Manual Therapy, Vol 25: e94-e94. www.mskscienceandpractice.com/article/S1356-689X(16)30186-2/abstract
99. Grieve R. & Palmer S. (2017). “Physiotherapy for plantar fasciitis: a UK-wide survey of current practice.” Physiotherapy, Vol 103(2): 193-200. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27156704
100. Celik D. Kus G. & Sirma S.O. (2016). “Joint Mobilization and Stretching Exercise vs Steroid Injection in the Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis: A Randomized Controlled Study.” Foot Ankle Int Feb; 37(2): 150-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26400901
101. Santos B.D. Correa L.A. Teixeira Santos L., Filho N.A., Lemos T. & Nogueira L.A. (2016). “Combination of Hip Strengthening and Manipulative Therapy for the Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis: A Case Report.” J Chiropr Med Dec; 15(4): 310-13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5106421/
125. Schulze C., Finze S., Bader R. & Lison A. (2014). “Treatment of medial tibial stress syndrome according to the fascial distortion model: a prospective case control study.” Scientific World Journal, Published online October 14. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2014/790626/
126. Thalhamer C. (2017). “A fundamental critique of the fascial distortion model and its application in clinical practice.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, Article in Press. www.bodyworkmovementtherapies.com/article/S1360-8592(17)30209-7/pdf
127. Fogarty S. (2015). “Massage treatment and medial tibial stress syndrome; A commentary to provoke thought about the way massage therapy is used in the treatment of MTSS.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, Vol 19(3): 447-452. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26118516
128. Gebremariam L., Hay E.M., van der Sande R., Rinkel W.D., Koes B.W. & Huisstede B.M. (2014). “Subacromial impingement syndrome–effectiveness of physiotherapy and manual therapy.” Br J Sports Med Aug; 48(16): 1202-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24217037
129. Piper S., Shearer H.M., Cote` P., Wong J.J., Yu H., Varatharajan S., Southerst D., Randhawa K.A., Sutton D.A., Stupar M., Nordin M.C., Mior S.A., van der Velde G.M. & Taylor-vaisey A.L. (2016). “The effectiveness of soft-tissue therapy for the management of musculoskeletal disorders and injuries of the upper and lower extremities: A systematic review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury management (OPTIMa) collaboration.” Manual Therapy, Vol 21: 18-34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26386912
130. Rawat P., Eapen C. & Seema K.P. (2017). “Effect of rotator cuff strengthening as an adjunct to standard care in subjects with adhesive capsulitis: A randomized controlled trial.” Journal of Hand Therapy, Vol 30(3): 235-241. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27884497
132. MacDermid J.C., Woikowski S., Kargus C., Marley M. & Stevenson E. (2010). “Hand Therapist Management of the Lateral Epicondylosis: A Survey of Expert Opinion and Practice Patterns.” Journal of Hand Therapy, Vol 23(1): 18-30. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19959328
133. Luk J.K., Tsang R.C. & Leung H.B. (2014). “Lateral epicondylalgia: midlife crisis of a tendon.” Hong Kong Med J., Apr 20(20):145-51. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24584568
134. Sutton D., Gross D.P., Cote` P., Randhawa K., Yu H., Wong J.J., Stern P., Varatharajan S., Southerst D., Shearer H.M., Stupar M., Goldgrub R., van der Velde G., Nordin M., Carroll L.J. & Taylor-Vaisey A. (2016). “Multimodal care for the management of musculoskeletal disorders of the elbow, forearm, wrist and hand: a systematic review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration.” Chiropr Man Therap., March 7; 24:8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26955466
135. Viola L. (1998). “A critical review of the current conservative therapies for tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis).” Australas Chiropr Osteopathy Jul: 7(2): 53-67. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2050803/
136. Vicenzino B. (2009). “Manual therapy treatment of tennis elbow.” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, Vol 12; S1-S2. www.jsams.org/article/S1440-2440(08)00241-7/abstract
137. Nourbakhsh M.R. & Fearon F.J. (2008). “The Effect of Oscillating-energy Manual Therapy on Lateral Epicondylitis: A Randomized, Placebo-control, Double-blinded Study.” Journal of Hand Therapy, Vol 21(1); 4-14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18215746
138. Abbott J.H., Patla C.E. & Jensen R.H. (2001). “The initial effects of an elbow mobilization with movement technique on grip strength in subjects with lateral epicondylalgia.” Man Ther., Aug; 6(3): 163-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11527456
139. Kucuksen S., Yilmaz H., Salli A. & Ugurlu H. (2013). “Muscle Energy Technique Versus Corticosteroid Injection for Management of Chronic Lateral Epicondylitis: Randomized Controlled Trial With 1-Year Follow-up.” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vol 94(11): 2068-2074. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23796685
140. Bisset L., Yelland M., Ryan M., Ng S-K., Rabago D. & Whittty J. (2015). “Testing the effectiveness of emerging injection therapies compared to physiotherapy for tennis elbow: a randomised control trial.” Physiotherapy, Vol 101; e155-e155. www.jsams.org/article/S1440-2440(15)00614-3/abstract
141. Rompe J.D., Riedel C., Betz U. & Fink C. (2001). “Chronic lateral epicondylitis of the elbow: A prospective study of low-energy shockwave therapy and low-energy shockwave therapy plus manual therapy of the cervical spine.” Arch Phys Med Rehabil., May; 82(5): 578-82. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11346831
142. Bisset L.M. & Vicenzino B. (2015). “Physiotherapy management of lateral epicondylalgia.” Journal of Physiotherapy, Vol 61(4); 174-181. www.journalofphysiotherapy.com/article/S1836-9553(15)00091-0/abstract
143. Berglund K.M., Persson B.H. & Denison E. (2008). “Prevalence of pain and dysfunction in the cervical and thoracic spine in persons with and without lateral elbow pain.” Manual Therapy, Vol 13(4): 295-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17942362
144. Coombes B.K., Bisset L. & Vicenzino B. (2014). “Bilateral Cervical Dysfunction in Patients with Unilateral Lateral Epicondylalgia without Concomitant Cervical or Upper Limb Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Case-Control Study.” Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Vol 37(2): 79-86. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24378321
145. Shmushkevich Y. & Kalichman L. (2013). “Myofascial pain in lateral epicondylalgia: A review.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, Vol 17(4): 434-439. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24139000
146. González-Iglesiás J., Cleland J.A., del Rosario Gutierrez-Vega M. & Ferández-de-las-Peñas C. (2011). “Multimodal Management of Lateral Epicondylalgia in Rock Climbers: A Prospective Case Series.” Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Vol 34(9): 635-642. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22018577
147. Dimitrios S. (2016). “Lateral elbow tendinopathy: Evidence of physiotherapy management.” World J Orthop., Aug 18;7(8):463-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4990766/
2. Plaza-Manzano, G., Vergara-Vila M., Val-Otero S., Rivera-Prieto C., Pecos-martin D., Gallego-Izquierdo T., Ferragut-Garcias A. & Romero-Franco N. (2016). “Manual therapy in joint and nerve structures combined with exercises in the treatment of recurrent ankle sprains: A randomized, controlled trial.” Manual Therapy, Vol 26: 141-149. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27598553
3. Silveria F., Teixeira L. & Nogueira L.C. (2016). “The effect of manipulative manual therapy, in improving range of motion and reducing the intensity of pain in subjects with ankle sprain – A systematic review.” Manual Therapy, Vol 25: e132-33. www.mskscienceandpractice.com/article/S1356-689X(16)30274-0/abstract
4. Shi X., Han J., Witchalls J., Waddington G., Adams R. & Anson J. (2017). “The effects of manual therapy for Chronic Ankle Instability: A systematic review with meta-analysis.” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, Vol 20: 27. www.jsams.org/article/S1440-2440(17)31289-6/fulltext
5. McGovern R.P. & and Martin R.R.L (2016). “Managing ankle ligament sprains and tears: current opinion.” J Sports Med, 7:33-42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27042147
6. Doherty C, Bleakley C, Delahunt E & Holden S. (2017). “Treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent ankle sprain: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis.” Br J Sports Med.; 51(2):113-125. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308955353
7. Slaven E.J. & Mathers J. (2011). “Management of chronic ankle pain using joint mobilization and ASTYM® treatment: a case report.” J Man Manip Ther, May; 19(2):108-12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22547921
8. Weerasekara I., Osmotherly P., Snodgrass S., Marquez J., de Zoete R. &Rivett D.A. (2017). “Clinical Benefits of Joint Mobilization on Ankle Sprains: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Article in Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28882509
9. Marron-Gomez D., Rodriguez-Fernandez A.L. & Martin-Urrialde J.A. (2015). “The effect of two mobilization techniques on dorsiflexion in people with chronic ankle instability.” Physical Therapy in Sport, Vol 16(1): 10-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24679362
10. Lubbe D., Lakhani E., Brantingham J.W., Parkin-Smith G.F., Cassa T.K., Globe G.A. & Korporaal C. (2015). “Manipulative Therapy and Rehabilitation for Recurrent Ankle Sprain With Functional Instability: A Short-Term, Assessor-Blind, Parallel-Group Randomized Trial.” Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Vol 38(1): 22-34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25457977
11. Kalichman L., Lachman H. & Freilich N. (2016). “Long-term impact of ankle sprains on postural control and fascial densification.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, Vol 20(4): 914-919. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27814874
12. Fisher B.E., Piraino A., Lee Y.Y., Smith J.A., Johnson S., Davenport T.E. & Kulig K. (2016). “The Effect of Velocity of Joint Mobilization on Corticospinal Excitability in Individuals with a History of Ankle Sprain.” J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, Jul; 24(7):562-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27266885
13. Duarte Silva R., Mundim Teixeira L., Santos Moreira T., Teixeira-Salmela L.F. & Antonio de Resende M. (2017). “Effects of Anteroposterior Talus Mobilization on Range of Motion, Pain, and Functional Capacity in Participants with Subacute and Chronic Ankle Injuries: A Controlled Trial.” Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Vol 40(4): 273-283. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28390710
14. Kamali F., Sinaei E. & Bahadorian S. (2017). “The immediate effect of talocrural joint manipulation on functional performance of 15–40 years old athletes with chronic ankle instability: A double-blind randomized clinical trial.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, Vol 21(4): 830-4. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360859217300104
15. Yeo H.K. & Wright A. (2011). “Hypoalgesic effect of a passive accessory mobilisation technique in patients with lateral ankle pain.” Manual Therapy, Vol 16(4): 373-377. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21285003
16. Kadel N. (2014). “Foot and Ankle Problems in Dancers.” Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, Vol 25(4): 829-844. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25442161
17. Courtney C.A., Clark J.D., Duncombe A.M. & O’Hearn M.A. (2011). “Clinical presentation and manual therapy for lower quadrant musculoskeletal conditions.” J Man Manip Ther, Nov; 19(4): 212-22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23115474
18. Tenforde A.S., Yin A. & Hunt K.J. (2016). “Foot and Ankle Injuries in Runners.” Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, Vol 27(1): 121-137. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26616180
19. Hawson S.T. (2011). “Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation of the Foot and Ankle in the Athlete.” Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, Vol 28(1): 189-201. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21276526
20. Rao S., Riskowski J.L. & Hannan M.T. (2012). “Musculoskeletal conditions of the foot and ankle: Assessments and treatment options.” Best Practice & Research: Clinical Rheumatology, Vol 26(3): 345-368. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2286793
35. Weir A., Veger S.A., Van de Sande H.B., Bakker E.W., de Jonge S. & Tol J.L. (2009). “A manual therapy technique for chronic adductor-related groin pain in athletes: a case series.” Scand J Med Sci Sports Oct; 19(5):616-20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18694435
43. Feehan J., Macfarlane C., &Vaughan B. (2017). “Conservative management of a traumatic meniscal injury utilising osteopathy and exercise rehabilitation: A case report.” Complementary Therapies in Medicine. Vol 33; 27-31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28735822
44. De Carlo M. & Armstrong B. (2010). “Rehabilitation of the Knee Following Sports Injury.” Clinics in Sports Medicine, Vol 29(1): 81-106. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19945588
45. Osteras B., Osteras H., Torstensen T.A. & Vasselien O. (2013). “Dose–response effects of medical exercise therapy in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomised controlled clinical trial.” Physiotherapy, Vol 99(2): 126-131. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23219636
52. Malanga G.A. & Cruz Colon E.J. (2010). “Myofascial Low Back Pain: A Review.” Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. Vol 21(4); 711-724. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977957
56. Brantingham J.W., Globe G., Pollard H., Hicks M., Korporaal C., & Wayne Hoskins. (2009). “Manipulative Therapy for Lower Extremity Conditions: Expansion of Literature Review”. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Vol 32(1), 53-71. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19121464
57. Haller H., Lauche R. Cramer H., Rampp T., Saha F.J., Ostermann T. & Dobos G. “Craniosacral therapy efficacy in chronic neck pain: A follow-up study.” European Journal of Integrative Medicine, Vol 7; 38-38. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894825/
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