Osteopathy is a holistic manual therapy used to treat a range of musculoskeletal problems. It recognises the significance of the relationship between the structure of the body and the way it functions in its entirety – treating the whole person, not just the symptoms.
With skilled evaluation, diagnosis and a wide range of manual techniques, osteopaths can identify and treat musculoskeletal dysfunction. Every patient seen is treated with an individualised approach, specific to themselves and their particular problem.
Treatments use a variety of manual techniques, such as stretching and massaging muscles, tendons and ligaments, as well as the mobilisation of specific joints. Whilst we make every effort for treatment to be gentle, like with all forms of healthcare, some patients may experience adverse reactions or outcomes.
Our osteopaths work with patients of all ages and treat a wide range of conditions including:
- Back pain (46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55)
- Neck pain and headaches (36, 37, 38, 39, 57, 58, 59)
- Sporting injuries (1, 2, 5, 6, 80, 89)
- Musculo-skeletal pain or dysfunction resulting from pregnancy (105, 108, 109, 110)
- Musculo-skeletal pain or dysfunction specific to older adults (21, 23, 33, 34, 91)
- Musculo-skeletal pain or dysfunction specific to infants, children and adolescents (62, 64, 65, 66, 78, 80, 86, 95)
Older adults
Treatments are tailored to each older patient’s needs. ›
Infants, children & adolescents
Children may often respond to treatment rapidly. ›
Sports injuries
Treatment may assist with the management or rehabilitation of sporting injuries. ›
Neck pain & headaches
Manual treatments may help reduce neck pain & headaches. ›
Our osteopaths can also provide treatments which may help with the following:
- Musculoskeletal effects of asthma (75)
- Tennis elbow (152)
- Sciatica (105, 108, 109, 110, 112, 123)
- Shoulder injuries (128, 129, 130)
- Musculoskeletal effects of arthritis (21, 22, 23)
- Neuromusculoskeletal effects of gastro intestinal conditions (86, 88)
- Postural dysfunction (64, 65, 103)
- Joint pains (16, 17, 18, 19, 20)
- Jaw pain (TMJ Dysfunction) (41)
1. Witt B.L & Witt S.L. (2013). “Acute ankle sprains: A review of literature.” Osteopathic Family Physician, Vol 5(5): 178-84. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877573X1300083X
2. Plaza-Manzano, G., Vergara-Vila M., Val-Otero S., Rivera-Prieto C., Pecos-martin D., Gallego-Izquierdo T., Ferragut-Garcias A. & Romero-Franco N. (2016). “Manual therapy in joint and nerve structures combined with exercises in the treatment of recurrent ankle sprains: A randomized, controlled trial.” Manual Therapy, Vol 26: 141-149. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27598553
5. McGovern R.P. & and Martin R.R.L (2016). “Managing ankle ligament sprains and tears: current opinion.” J Sports Med, 7:33-42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27042147
6. Doherty C, Bleakley C, Delahunt E & Holden S. (2017). “Treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent ankle sprain: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis.” Br J Sports Med.; 51(2):113-125. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308955353
16. Kadel N. (2014). “Foot and Ankle Problems in Dancers.” Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, Vol 25(4): 829-844. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25442161
17. Courtney C.A., Clark J.D., Duncombe A.M. & O’Hearn M.A. (2011). “Clinical presentation and manual therapy for lower quadrant musculoskeletal conditions.” J Man Manip Ther, Nov; 19(4): 212-22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23115474
18. Tenforde A.S., Yin A. & Hunt K.J. (2016). “Foot and Ankle Injuries in Runners.” Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, Vol 27(1): 121-137. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26616180
19. Hawson S.T. (2011). “Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation of the Foot and Ankle in the Athlete.” Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, Vol 28(1): 189-201. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21276526
20. Rao S., Riskowski J.L. & Hannan M.T. (2012). “Musculoskeletal conditions of the foot and ankle: Assessments and treatment options.” Best Practice & Research: Clinical Rheumatology, Vol 26(3): 345-368. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2286793
21. Cameron M. (2002). “Is manual therapy a rational approach to improving health-related quality of life in people with arthritis?” Australas Chiropr Osteopathy, Jul 10(1): 9-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2051057/
22. Jardine W.M., Gillis C. & Rutherford D. (2012). “The effect of osteopathic manual therapy on the vascular supply to the lower extremity in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized trial.” International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, Vol 15(4): 125-133. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1746068912000466
23. Xu Q., Chen B., Wang Y., Wang X., Han D., Ding D., Zheng Y., Cao Y., Zhan H. & Zhou Y. (2017). “The Effectiveness of Manual Therapy for Relieving Pain, Stiffness, and Dysfunction in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Pain Physician May; 20(4): 229-43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28535547
33. Rundell S.D., Gellhorn A.C., Comstock B.A., Heagerty P.J., Friedly J.L. & Jarvik J.G. (2015). “Clinical outcomes of early and later physical therapist services for older adults with back pain.” Spine Journal, Vol 15(8): 1744-55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25849809
34. Pellerin F., Papin-Richard E., Guiheneuc P., Niel S. & Guihard G. (2015). “Can osteopathic manipulative treatment modify the posture in elderly people? – A single-case study.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, Vol 19(2): 380-88. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25892396
36. Steinbauer U., Roos S., Amann P., Schweria F. & Resch K.L. (2008). “Do osteopathic treatments improve the symptoms of headache and/or sinus pressure in patients with chronic rhino sinusitis (CRS)? A randomized controlled trial”. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine Vol 11(4); 157. www.journalofosteopathicmedicine.com/article/S1746-0689(08)00104-1/pdf
37. Anderson R.E. & Seniscal C. (2006). “A comparison of selected osteopathic treatment and relaxation for tension-type headaches.” Headache Sep: 46(8): 1273-80. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16942472
38. Cerritelli F., Lacorte E., Ruffini E. & Vanacore N. (2017). “Osteopathy for primary headache patients: a systematic review.” J.Pain Res. 10; 601-11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5359118/
39. Arnadottir T.S. & Sigurdardottir A.K. (2013). “Is craniosacral therapy effective for migraine? Tested with HIT-6 Questionnaire.” Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, Vol 19(1), 11-14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23337558
41. Gesslbauer C , Vavti N , Keilani M , Mickel M , Crevenna R. (2016). “Effectiveness of osteopathic manipulative treatment versus osteopathy in the cranial field in temporomandibular disorders -a pilot study. Disabil Rehabil. Dec 28:1-6. http://jaoa.org/article.aspx?articleid=2625283
46. Thomason O., Haig L. & Mansfield H. (2009). “The effects of high-velocity low-amplitude thrust manipulation and mobilisation techniques on pressure pain threshold in the lumbar spine.” International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, Vol 12(2); 56-62. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1746068908000916
47. Licciardone J.C., Kearns C.M. & Minotti D.E. (2013). “Musculoskeletal Outcomes of osteopathic manual treatment for chronic low back pain according to baseline pain severity: Results from the OSTEOPATHIC Trial”. Science and Practice. Vol 18(6); 533-40. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23759340
48. Licciardone J.C., Kearns C.M. & Crow W.T. (2014). “Changes in biomechanical dysfunction and low back pain reduction with osteopathic manual treatment: Results from the OSTEOPATHIC Trial”. Manual Therapy, Vol 19 (4); 324-330. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24704126
49. Licciardone J.C. and Aryal S. (2014). “Clinical response and relapse in patients with chronic low back pain following osteopathic manual treatment: Results from the OSTEOPATHIC Trial”. Manual Therapy. Vol 19 (6); 541-548. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24965494
50. Angmo P., Mohanty P. and Pattnaik M. (2016). “Effects of unilateral posteroanterior mobilization in subjects with sacralized lumbosacral transitional vertebrae.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies. Vol 20(1); 19-25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26891633
51. Hanson G.C., Jones B., Bacon C.J., & Moran R.W. (2016). “Exploration of clinical changes following a novel mobilisation technique for treatment of chronic low back pain: A single cohort design. Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies. Vol 20(3); 571-578. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27634080
52. Malanga G.A. & Cruz Colon E.J. (2010). “Myofascial Low Back Pain: A Review.” Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. Vol 21(4); 711-724. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977957
53. Orrock P.J. and Myers S.P. (2013). “Osteopathic intervention in chronic non-specific low back pain: a systematic review.” BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.14:129. https://www.ncor.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Orrock_Myers_2013.pdf
54. Licciardone J.C., Minotti D.E., Gatchel R.J., Kearns C.M. & Singh K.P. (2013). “Osteopathic Manual Treatment and UltrasoundTherapy for Chronic Low Back Pain: A RandomizedControlled Trial.”Annals of Family Medicine. Vol 11(2); 122-129. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23508598
55. Ajimsha M.S., Daniel B. & Chithra S. (2014). “Effectiveness of Myofascial release in the management of chronic low back pain in nursing professionals.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, Vol 18(2): 273-281. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24725797
57. Haller H., Lauche R. Cramer H., Rampp T., Saha F.J., Ostermann T. & Dobos G. “Craniosacral therapy efficacy in chronic neck pain: A follow-up study.” European Journal of Integrative Medicine, Vol 7; 38-38.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894825/
58. Haller H., Lauche R. Cramer H., Rampp T., Saha F.J., Ostermann T. & Dobos G. (2016). “Craniosacral Therapy for the Treatment of Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Sham-controlled Trial”. Clin J Pain. May 32(5): 441–449. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26340656
59. Rodriguez-Huguet M, Gil-Salu` J.L., Rodriguez-Huguet P., Cabrera-Afonso J.R. & Lomas-Vega R. (2017). “Effects of Myofascial Release on Pressure Pain Thresholds in Patients With Neck Pain: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.” Am J Phys Med Rehabil. Article in Press.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28678033
62. Dobson D., Lucassen P.L., Miller J.J. Vlieger A.M., Prescott P. & Lewith G. (2012). “Manipulative therapies for infantile colic.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Dec 12; 12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235617
64. Boscarino S., Savoia V. & La Viola. (2008). “Torticollis, facial asymmetry and positional plagiocephaly in normal newborns: Osteopathic treatment experience.” Early Human Development, Vol 84; S22-S22. https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/torticollis-facial-asymmetry-and-positional-plagiocephaly-in-normal-R0ixs01ZjF
65. Lessard S, Gagnon I, Trottier N. (2011) “Exploring the impact of osteopathic treatment on cranial asymmetries associated with nonsynostotic plagiocephaly in infants.”Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice Nov; 17(4):193-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21982132
66. Douglas P. & Keogh R. (2017). “Gestalt Breastfeeding: Helping Mothers and Infants Optimize Positional Stability and Intraoral Breast Tissue Volume for Effective, Pain-Free Milk Transfer.” Journal of Human Lactation, Vol 33(3): 509-18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28614671
75. Guiney PA, Chou R, Vianna A, Lovenheim J. (2005). “Effects of osteopathic manipulative treatment on pediatric patients with asthma: a randomized controlled trial.” J Am Osteopath Assoc Jan; 105(1):7-12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15710659
78. Mills MV, Henley CE, Barnes LL, Carreiro JE, Degenhardt BF. (2003). “The use of osteopathic manipulative treatment as adjuvant therapy in children with recurrent acute otitis media.” Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med Sep; 157(9):861-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12963590
80. Bolin D.J. (2010). “The Application of Osteopathic Treatments to Pediatric Sports Injuries”. Pediatric Clinics of North America, Vol 57(3), 775-794. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538156
86. Haiden N., Pimpel B., Kreissl A., Jilma B., & Berger A. (2015). “Does Visceral Osteopathic Treatment Accelerate Meconium Passage in Very Low Birth Weight Infants? – A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.” PLoS One. 10(4): e0123530. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25875011
88. Iacono G, Merolla R, D’Amico D, Bonci E, Cavataio F, Di Prima L, et al. “Gastrointestinal symptoms in infancy: a population-based prospective study”. Digestive and Liver Disease 2005; 37(6):432-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15893282
89. Yen,Y-M. (2014). “Assessment and treatment of knee pain in the child and adolescent athlete.” Pediatric Clinics of North America, Vol 61(6): 1155-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25439017
91. Yao S.C., Hart A.D. Terzella M.J. (2013). “An evidence-based osteopathic approach to Parkinson disease.” Osteopathic Family Physician, Volume 5(3): 96-101. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877573X13000154
95. Schwerla F., Wirthwein P., Rütz M. & Resch K-L. (2014). “Osteopathic treatment in patients with primary dysmenorrhoea: A randomised controlled trial”. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, Vol 17(4), 222-231. www.journalofosteopathicmedicine.com/article/S1746-0689(14)00028-5/abstract
103. Laessoe U., Barth L., Skeie S. & McGirr K. (2017). “Manipulation of the body schema – Unilateral manual stimulation of lower extremity influences weight distribution in standing position.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, Vol 21(3): 612-617. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360859216302030
105. Franke H., Franke J.D., Belz S. & Fryer G. (2017). “Osteopathic manipulative treatment for low back and pelvic girdle pain during and after pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies. Article in Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29037623
108. Pennick V & Liddle S.D. (2015). “Interventions for preventing and treating low-back and pelvic pain during pregnancy.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Sept 30(9). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26422811
109. Borg-Stein J. & Dugan S.A. (2007). “Musculoskeletal Disorders of Pregnancy, Delivery and Postpartum”. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, Vol 18 (3), 459-476.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17678762
110. Hall H1, Cramer H, Sundberg T, Ward L, Adams J, Moore C, Sibbritt D. Lauche R. (2016). “The effectiveness of complementary manual therapies for pregnancy-related back and pelvic pain: A systematic review with meta-analysis.” Medicine (Baltimore), Vol 95(38), e4723. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27661020
112. Nistler G., Deutschmann U., Lenz D. & Schwerla F. (2010). “Osteopathy as a therapy during pregnancy: A randomised controlled trial.” International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, Vol 13(3), 128-128. http://www.journalofosteopathicmedicine.com/article/S1746-0689(10)00082-9/fulltext
123. Bell J. (2008). “Massage therapy helps to increase range of motion, decrease pain and assist in healing a client with low back pain and sciatica symptoms.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, Vol 12(3): 281-289. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19083683
128. Gebremariam L., Hay E.M., van der Sande R., Rinkel W.D., Koes B.W. & Huisstede B.M. (2014). “Subacromial impingement syndrome–effectiveness of physiotherapy and manual therapy.” Br J Sports Med Aug; 48(16): 1202-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24217037
129. Piper S., Shearer H.M., Cote` P., Wong J.J., Yu H., Varatharajan S., Southerst D., Randhawa K.A., Sutton D.A., Stupar M., Nordin M.C., Mior S.A., van der Velde G.M. & Taylor-vaisey A.L. (2016). “The effectiveness of soft-tissue therapy for the management of musculoskeletal disorders and injuries of the upper and lower extremities: A systematic review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury management (OPTIMa) collaboration.” Manual Therapy, Vol 21: 18-34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26386912
130. Rawat P., Eapen C. & Seema K.P. (2017). “Effect of rotator cuff strengthening as an adjunct to standard care in subjects with adhesive capsulitis: A randomized controlled trial.” Journal of Hand Therapy, Vol 30(3): 235-241. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27884497
152. Lavalee, M.E., Sears K. & Corrigan A. (2013). “The evaluation and treatment of elbow injuries.” Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, Vol 40(2): 407-429. http://www.primarycare.theclinics.com/article/S0095-4543(13)00025-0/pdf
2. Plaza-Manzano, G., Vergara-Vila M., Val-Otero S., Rivera-Prieto C., Pecos-martin D., Gallego-Izquierdo T., Ferragut-Garcias A. & Romero-Franco N. (2016). “Manual therapy in joint and nerve structures combined with exercises in the treatment of recurrent ankle sprains: A randomized, controlled trial.” Manual Therapy, Vol 26: 141-149. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27598553
5. McGovern R.P. & and Martin R.R.L (2016). “Managing ankle ligament sprains and tears: current opinion.” J Sports Med, 7:33-42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27042147
6. Doherty C, Bleakley C, Delahunt E & Holden S. (2017). “Treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent ankle sprain: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis.” Br J Sports Med.; 51(2):113-125. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308955353
16. Kadel N. (2014). “Foot and Ankle Problems in Dancers.” Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, Vol 25(4): 829-844. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25442161
17. Courtney C.A., Clark J.D., Duncombe A.M. & O’Hearn M.A. (2011). “Clinical presentation and manual therapy for lower quadrant musculoskeletal conditions.” J Man Manip Ther, Nov; 19(4): 212-22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23115474
18. Tenforde A.S., Yin A. & Hunt K.J. (2016). “Foot and Ankle Injuries in Runners.” Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, Vol 27(1): 121-137. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26616180
19. Hawson S.T. (2011). “Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation of the Foot and Ankle in the Athlete.” Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, Vol 28(1): 189-201. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21276526
20. Rao S., Riskowski J.L. & Hannan M.T. (2012). “Musculoskeletal conditions of the foot and ankle: Assessments and treatment options.” Best Practice & Research: Clinical Rheumatology, Vol 26(3): 345-368. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2286793
21. Cameron M. (2002). “Is manual therapy a rational approach to improving health-related quality of life in people with arthritis?” Australas Chiropr Osteopathy, Jul 10(1): 9-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2051057/
22. Jardine W.M., Gillis C. & Rutherford D. (2012). “The effect of osteopathic manual therapy on the vascular supply to the lower extremity in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized trial.” International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, Vol 15(4): 125-133. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1746068912000466
23. Xu Q., Chen B., Wang Y., Wang X., Han D., Ding D., Zheng Y., Cao Y., Zhan H. & Zhou Y. (2017). “The Effectiveness of Manual Therapy for Relieving Pain, Stiffness, and Dysfunction in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Pain Physician May; 20(4): 229-43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28535547
33. Rundell S.D., Gellhorn A.C., Comstock B.A., Heagerty P.J., Friedly J.L. & Jarvik J.G. (2015). “Clinical outcomes of early and later physical therapist services for older adults with back pain.” Spine Journal, Vol 15(8): 1744-55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25849809
34. Pellerin F., Papin-Richard E., Guiheneuc P., Niel S. & Guihard G. (2015). “Can osteopathic manipulative treatment modify the posture in elderly people? – A single-case study.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, Vol 19(2): 380-88. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25892396
36. Steinbauer U., Roos S., Amann P., Schweria F. & Resch K.L. (2008). “Do osteopathic treatments improve the symptoms of headache and/or sinus pressure in patients with chronic rhino sinusitis (CRS)? A randomized controlled trial”. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine Vol 11(4); 157. www.journalofosteopathicmedicine.com/article/S1746-0689(08)00104-1/pdf
37. Anderson R.E. & Seniscal C. (2006). “A comparison of selected osteopathic treatment and relaxation for tension-type headaches.” Headache Sep: 46(8): 1273-80. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16942472
38. Cerritelli F., Lacorte E., Ruffini E. & Vanacore N. (2017). “Osteopathy for primary headache patients: a systematic review.” J.Pain Res. 10; 601-11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5359118/
39. Arnadottir T.S. & Sigurdardottir A.K. (2013). “Is craniosacral therapy effective for migraine? Tested with HIT-6 Questionnaire.” Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, Vol 19(1), 11-14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23337558
41. Gesslbauer C , Vavti N , Keilani M , Mickel M , Crevenna R. (2016). “Effectiveness of osteopathic manipulative treatment versus osteopathy in the cranial field in temporomandibular disorders -a pilot study. Disabil Rehabil. Dec 28:1-6. http://jaoa.org/article.aspx?articleid=2625283
46. Thomason O., Haig L. & Mansfield H. (2009). “The effects of high-velocity low-amplitude thrust manipulation and mobilisation techniques on pressure pain threshold in the lumbar spine.” International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, Vol 12(2); 56-62. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1746068908000916
47. Licciardone J.C., Kearns C.M. & Minotti D.E. (2013). “Musculoskeletal Outcomes of osteopathic manual treatment for chronic low back pain according to baseline pain severity: Results from the OSTEOPATHIC Trial”. Science and Practice. Vol 18(6); 533-40. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23759340
48. Licciardone J.C., Kearns C.M. & Crow W.T. (2014). “Changes in biomechanical dysfunction and low back pain reduction with osteopathic manual treatment: Results from the OSTEOPATHIC Trial”. Manual Therapy, Vol 19 (4); 324-330. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24704126
49. Licciardone J.C. and Aryal S. (2014). “Clinical response and relapse in patients with chronic low back pain following osteopathic manual treatment: Results from the OSTEOPATHIC Trial”. Manual Therapy. Vol 19 (6); 541-548. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24965494
50. Angmo P., Mohanty P. and Pattnaik M. (2016). “Effects of unilateral posteroanterior mobilization in subjects with sacralized lumbosacral transitional vertebrae.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies. Vol 20(1); 19-25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26891633
51. Hanson G.C., Jones B., Bacon C.J., & Moran R.W. (2016). “Exploration of clinical changes following a novel mobilisation technique for treatment of chronic low back pain: A single cohort design. Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies. Vol 20(3); 571-578. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27634080
52. Malanga G.A. & Cruz Colon E.J. (2010). “Myofascial Low Back Pain: A Review.” Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. Vol 21(4); 711-724. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977957
53. Orrock P.J. and Myers S.P. (2013). “Osteopathic intervention in chronic non-specific low back pain: a systematic review.” BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.14:129. https://www.ncor.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Orrock_Myers_2013.pdf
54. Licciardone J.C., Minotti D.E., Gatchel R.J., Kearns C.M. & Singh K.P. (2013). “Osteopathic Manual Treatment and UltrasoundTherapy for Chronic Low Back Pain: A RandomizedControlled Trial.”Annals of Family Medicine. Vol 11(2); 122-129. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23508598
55. Ajimsha M.S., Daniel B. & Chithra S. (2014). “Effectiveness of Myofascial release in the management of chronic low back pain in nursing professionals.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, Vol 18(2): 273-281. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24725797
57. Haller H., Lauche R. Cramer H., Rampp T., Saha F.J., Ostermann T. & Dobos G. “Craniosacral therapy efficacy in chronic neck pain: A follow-up study.” European Journal of Integrative Medicine, Vol 7; 38-38.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894825/
58. Haller H., Lauche R. Cramer H., Rampp T., Saha F.J., Ostermann T. & Dobos G. (2016). “Craniosacral Therapy for the Treatment of Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Sham-controlled Trial”. Clin J Pain. May 32(5): 441–449. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26340656
59. Rodriguez-Huguet M, Gil-Salu` J.L., Rodriguez-Huguet P., Cabrera-Afonso J.R. & Lomas-Vega R. (2017). “Effects of Myofascial Release on Pressure Pain Thresholds in Patients With Neck Pain: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.” Am J Phys Med Rehabil. Article in Press.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28678033
62. Dobson D., Lucassen P.L., Miller J.J. Vlieger A.M., Prescott P. & Lewith G. (2012). “Manipulative therapies for infantile colic.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Dec 12; 12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235617
64. Boscarino S., Savoia V. & La Viola. (2008). “Torticollis, facial asymmetry and positional plagiocephaly in normal newborns: Osteopathic treatment experience.” Early Human Development, Vol 84; S22-S22. https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/torticollis-facial-asymmetry-and-positional-plagiocephaly-in-normal-R0ixs01ZjF
65. Lessard S, Gagnon I, Trottier N. (2011) “Exploring the impact of osteopathic treatment on cranial asymmetries associated with nonsynostotic plagiocephaly in infants.”Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice Nov; 17(4):193-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21982132
66. Douglas P. & Keogh R. (2017). “Gestalt Breastfeeding: Helping Mothers and Infants Optimize Positional Stability and Intraoral Breast Tissue Volume for Effective, Pain-Free Milk Transfer.” Journal of Human Lactation, Vol 33(3): 509-18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28614671
75. Guiney PA, Chou R, Vianna A, Lovenheim J. (2005). “Effects of osteopathic manipulative treatment on pediatric patients with asthma: a randomized controlled trial.” J Am Osteopath Assoc Jan; 105(1):7-12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15710659
78. Mills MV, Henley CE, Barnes LL, Carreiro JE, Degenhardt BF. (2003). “The use of osteopathic manipulative treatment as adjuvant therapy in children with recurrent acute otitis media.” Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med Sep; 157(9):861-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12963590
80. Bolin D.J. (2010). “The Application of Osteopathic Treatments to Pediatric Sports Injuries”. Pediatric Clinics of North America, Vol 57(3), 775-794. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538156
86. Haiden N., Pimpel B., Kreissl A., Jilma B., & Berger A. (2015). “Does Visceral Osteopathic Treatment Accelerate Meconium Passage in Very Low Birth Weight Infants? – A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.” PLoS One. 10(4): e0123530. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25875011
88. Iacono G, Merolla R, D’Amico D, Bonci E, Cavataio F, Di Prima L, et al. “Gastrointestinal symptoms in infancy: a population-based prospective study”. Digestive and Liver Disease 2005; 37(6):432-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15893282
89. Yen,Y-M. (2014). “Assessment and treatment of knee pain in the child and adolescent athlete.” Pediatric Clinics of North America, Vol 61(6): 1155-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25439017
91. Yao S.C., Hart A.D. Terzella M.J. (2013). “An evidence-based osteopathic approach to Parkinson disease.” Osteopathic Family Physician, Volume 5(3): 96-101. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877573X13000154
95. Schwerla F., Wirthwein P., Rütz M. & Resch K-L. (2014). “Osteopathic treatment in patients with primary dysmenorrhoea: A randomised controlled trial”. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, Vol 17(4), 222-231. www.journalofosteopathicmedicine.com/article/S1746-0689(14)00028-5/abstract
103. Laessoe U., Barth L., Skeie S. & McGirr K. (2017). “Manipulation of the body schema – Unilateral manual stimulation of lower extremity influences weight distribution in standing position.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, Vol 21(3): 612-617. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360859216302030
105. Franke H., Franke J.D., Belz S. & Fryer G. (2017). “Osteopathic manipulative treatment for low back and pelvic girdle pain during and after pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies. Article in Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29037623
108. Pennick V & Liddle S.D. (2015). “Interventions for preventing and treating low-back and pelvic pain during pregnancy.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Sept 30(9). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26422811
109. Borg-Stein J. & Dugan S.A. (2007). “Musculoskeletal Disorders of Pregnancy, Delivery and Postpartum”. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, Vol 18 (3), 459-476.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17678762
110. Hall H1, Cramer H, Sundberg T, Ward L, Adams J, Moore C, Sibbritt D. Lauche R. (2016). “The effectiveness of complementary manual therapies for pregnancy-related back and pelvic pain: A systematic review with meta-analysis.” Medicine (Baltimore), Vol 95(38), e4723. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27661020
112. Nistler G., Deutschmann U., Lenz D. & Schwerla F. (2010). “Osteopathy as a therapy during pregnancy: A randomised controlled trial.” International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, Vol 13(3), 128-128. http://www.journalofosteopathicmedicine.com/article/S1746-0689(10)00082-9/fulltext
123. Bell J. (2008). “Massage therapy helps to increase range of motion, decrease pain and assist in healing a client with low back pain and sciatica symptoms.” Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, Vol 12(3): 281-289. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19083683
128. Gebremariam L., Hay E.M., van der Sande R., Rinkel W.D., Koes B.W. & Huisstede B.M. (2014). “Subacromial impingement syndrome–effectiveness of physiotherapy and manual therapy.” Br J Sports Med Aug; 48(16): 1202-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24217037
129. Piper S., Shearer H.M., Cote` P., Wong J.J., Yu H., Varatharajan S., Southerst D., Randhawa K.A., Sutton D.A., Stupar M., Nordin M.C., Mior S.A., van der Velde G.M. & Taylor-vaisey A.L. (2016). “The effectiveness of soft-tissue therapy for the management of musculoskeletal disorders and injuries of the upper and lower extremities: A systematic review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury management (OPTIMa) collaboration.” Manual Therapy, Vol 21: 18-34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26386912
130. Rawat P., Eapen C. & Seema K.P. (2017). “Effect of rotator cuff strengthening as an adjunct to standard care in subjects with adhesive capsulitis: A randomized controlled trial.” Journal of Hand Therapy, Vol 30(3): 235-241. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27884497
152. Lavalee, M.E., Sears K. & Corrigan A. (2013). “The evaluation and treatment of elbow injuries.” Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, Vol 40(2): 407-429. http://www.primarycare.theclinics.com/article/S0095-4543(13)00025-0/pdf